Electric Charge
A fundamental property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. It's quantized.
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The statement of the theorem
\text{The electric charge } q \text{ is defined as the source term in the differential form of Gauss's Law, relating the electric flux } \Phi_E \text{ through a closed surface } \partial V \text{ to the enclosed charge } Q \text{ within the volume } V. \text{Mathematically, this is expressed as:}\n\n \n\text{where } \vec{E} \text{ is the electric field, } \epsilon_0 \text{ is the permittivity of free space, and } Q \text{ is the total charge enclosed.}\n\n\text{Furthermore, the charge } q \text{ of a localized particle is quantized, meaning it must be an integer multiple of the elementary charge } e:\n\n \n\text{This quantization arises from the underlying symmetry structure of the vacuum and the coupling constant } e \text{ (the fundamental unit of charge).}