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Lamb Shift

A small energy difference between two energy levels in the hydrogen atom, explained by QED's quantum corrections to the Dirac equation.
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The statement of the theorem

The Lamb shift ΔEL\Delta E_{L} is a radiative correction to the energy levels of the hydrogen atom, calculated via the electron self-energy Σ(p)\Sigma(p) in the momentum space: ΔEL=⟨ψn∣Σ(En)−Σ(m)∣ψn⟩\Delta E_{L} = \langle \psi_n | \Sigma(E_n) - \Sigma(m) | \psi_n \rangle where Σ(En)\Sigma(E_n) is the electron self-energy evaluated at the energy eigenvalue EnE_n. This correction accounts for the virtual emission and reabsorption of photons by the electron.
Source: Wikipedia